File Systems

File Systems#

Learning Objectives#

After working through this topic, you should be able to:

describe how a file system is organised.
explain the most important differences between Unix-based and Windows-based file systems.

Materials#

Before working through this material, it should be helpful to go through the background material on the history of operating systems and on graphs.

Here is the screencast. These are the slides. Some verbal explanations are reproduced below.

One important difference that is not mentioned in the screencast is that Unix-based file systems are case-sensitive, whereas Windows-based file systems are not. This means that Documents and documents are two different directories on Unix-based systems, but the same directory on Windows. This can lead to subtle differences when running the same code on different file systems; let alone sharing files via a cloud. E.g., Dropbox has created a specific flag for that case.

Unix File System#

/ is the root directory.
etc is a directory under root that contains configuration files.
usr is another directory under root, which contains several other directories, including bin (for executable files) and lib (for library files).
var is a directory under root that contains variable data like system logging files, and log is a directory under var for log files.
home is a directory under root that contains personal directories for users, such as user_1. On MacOS, home is called Users (with capital U).
user_1 has personal documents and download directories.
mambaforge is a directory under user_1 that contains the mamba package manager for creating Python environments (unless you choose to install the entire Anaconda Python distribution).

Windows File System#

C: is the root directory.
Program Files is where applications are typically installed.
Users is where user directories are located.
user_1 represents the user_1’s home directory with Documents and Download as typical examples of subdirectories
Windows is where the operating system files are located.
System32 is a directory within Windows that contains important system files.
ProgramData is used to store application and operating system data.
mambaforge is where the mamba package manager is located if you choose to install that.
Each disk (physical or virtual) gets its own directory tree.
They are not connected, but you can jump between them using the drive letters.

Additional Materials#

Your favourite search engine and Wikipedia will guide your way. There is lots of accessible material around.